What is Sinus Pain & Ways to Relieve

What is sinusitis (sinus infection)?

Sinusitis is an inflammation, or swelling, of the tissue lining your sinuses. Sinuses are structures inside your face that are normally filled with air. Bacterial infections, viral infections and allergies can irritate them, causing them to get blocked and filled with fluid. This can cause pressure and pain in your face, nasal congestion (a stuffy nose) and other symptoms. Sinusitis is also sometimes called rhinosinusitis.

What are sinuses?

Your sinuses are four paired cavities (spaces) in your head. Narrow passages connect them. Sinuses make mucus that drains out of the passages in your nose. This drainage helps keep your nose clean and free of bacteria, allergens and other germs (pathogens).

Types of sinusitis

We describe types of sinusitis based on how long it’s been going on (acute, subacute, chronic or recurrent) and what’s causing it (bacteria, virus or fungus).

Acute, subacute, chronic and recurrent sinusitis

• Acute sinusitissymptoms (nasal congestion, drainage, facial pain/pressure and decreased sense of smell) last less than four weeks. It’s usually caused by viruses like the common cold.
• Subacute sinusitis symptoms last four to 12 weeks.
• Chronic sinusitissymptoms last at least 12 weeks. Bacteria are usually the cause.
• Recurrent acute sinusitis symptoms come back four or more times in one year and last less than two weeks each time.

Bacterial and viral sinusitis

Viruses, like the ones that cause the common cold, cause most cases of sinusitis. Bacteria can cause sinusitis, or they can infect you after a case of viral sinusitis. If you have a runny nose, stuffy nose and facial pain that don’t go away after ten days, you might have bacterial sinusitis. Your symptoms may seem to improve but then return and are worse than the initial symptoms. Antibiotics and decongestants usually work well on bacterial sinusitis.

Fungal sinusitis

Sinus infections caused by fungus are usually more serious than other forms of sinusitis. They’re more likely to happen if you have a weakened immune system.

How do I know if I have sinusitis, COVID, a cold or an allergy?

Colds, COVID-19, allergies and sinus infections all have similar symptoms. It can be difficult to tell them apart. The common cold typically builds, peaks and slowly disappears. It lasts a few days to a week. Nasal allergies cause sneezing, itchy nose and eyes, congestion, runny nose and postnasal drip (mucus in your throat). They usually don’t cause the facial pain that sinus infections do. COVID-19 can cause additional symptoms, like fever and shortness of breath.

A cold, COVID or allergies can all cause sinus infections. You can test yourself or have a provider test you for some viral infections, like COVID-19 and the flu.

Symptoms and Causes

What are the signs and symptoms of sinusitis?

Common symptoms of a sinus infection include:

• Postnasal drip (mucus dripping down your throat).
• Runny nose with thick yellow or green mucus.
• Stuffy nose.
• Facial pressure (particularly around your nose, eyes and forehead). This might get worse when you move your head around or bend over.
• Pressure or pain in your teeth.
• Ear pressure or pain.
• Bad breath (halitosis) or a bad taste in your mouth.

What causes sinus infections?

Viruses, bacteria, fungi and allergens can cause sinusitis. Specific triggers for sinusitis include:

• The common cold.
• The flu (influenza).
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Haemophilus influenza
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Nasal and seasonal allergies.

What are the risk factors for sinusitis?

Some people are more likely to get sinusitis than others. Risk factors include:

• Nasal allergies.
• Asthma.
• Nasal polyps(growths).
• Deviated septum. Your septum is a line of tissue that divides your nose. A deviated septum isn’t straight, narrowing the passage on one side of your nose. This can cause a blockage.
• A weakened immune system. This can be from illnesses like HIVor cancer, or from certain medications.

Is sinusitis contagious?

Sinusitis itself isn’t contagious. But the viruses and bacteria that can cause it are. Remember to follow good handwashing practices, avoid other people if you’re sick and sneeze or cough into your elbow.

What happens if sinusitis is left untreated?

You don’t necessarily need to treat sinusitis — it often goes away on its own. Very rarely, untreated sinus infections can lead to life-threatening infections. This happens if bacteria or fungi spread to your brain, eyes or nearby bone.

 

Whether your sinus pain is caused by a cold or a bacterial infection, here’s how you can relieve it:

1. Try a saline nose spray. Ask your doctor or pharmacist to suggest a plain saline spray. Saline mist will ease sinus swelling and help break up the mucus that’s clogging your nose. You can use it up to six times a day without worrying about side effects. You can also make your own saline nasal spray. Ask your doctor or pharmacist how, and be sure that the water you use is distilled or has been boiled, not straight from a tap.
2. Use a humidifier. Stuffy sinuses respond well to moist air. Using a humidifier, especially when you sleep at night, will help keep your sinuses open and relieve the pressure. You can also try sitting in a steamy bathroom after a hot shower or inhaling the steam from a pan of hot (not boiling) water for faster relief.
3. Apply a warm compress. Ease swelling and throbbing with a warm, wet washcloth across your forehead, eyes, and cheeks.
4. Use an over-the-counter (OTC) decongestant nose spray. These ease congestion and provide relief, especially early in a cold. You can get them as a nasal spray, liquid, or pill. If you use a decongestant nasal spray, don’t use it for more than 3 days. If you use it for longer, it can make your stuffiness worse, not better.
5. Take OTC pain relievers. Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen can relieve sinus pain. But never give a child or teenager aspirin for pain. It can be dangerous.

If you have sinus pain from a cold that isn’t better after 10 days, talk to your doctor. You may need an antibiotic or a different treatment.

 

What happens if sinusitis is left untreated?

You don’t necessarily need to treat sinusitis — it often goes away on its own. Very rarely, untreated sinus infections can lead to life-threatening infections. This happens if bacteria or fungi spread to your brain, eyes or nearby bone.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is a sinus infection diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose sinusitis based on your symptoms and health history. A provider will check your ears, nose and throat for swelling, draining or blockage. They might use an endoscope (a small, lighted instrument) to look inside your nose.

A primary care provider may also refer you to a specialist, like an otolaryngologist (also called an ENT — an ear, nose and throat specialist).

Specific tests to diagnose sinusitis

Specific tests your provider might order to diagnose sinus infection include:

• Nasal endoscopy.
• Nasal swabs.Your provider may use a soft-tipped stick to get a fluid sample from your nose. They’ll test it for viruses or other germs that might be causing your symptoms.
• In some cases, your provider might order a computed tomography (CT) scan to better understand what’s happening inside your sinuses.
• Allergy testing.If you have chronic sinusitis, your provider may test you for allergies that could be triggering it.
• Rarely, a provider may take a tissue sample from your nose for testing.

Management and Treatment

How is sinusitis treated?

There are many treatment options for sinusitis, depending on your symptoms and how long you’ve had them. You can treat a sinus infection at home with:

• Over-the-counter (OTC) cold and allergy medications.
• Nasal saline rinses.
• Drinking plenty of fluids.

If symptoms of sinusitis don’t improve after 10 days, a provider may prescribe:

• Oral or topical decongestants.
• Prescription intranasal steroid sprays. (Don’t use nonprescription sprays or drops for longer than three to five days — they may actually increase congestion.)

Providers treat chronic sinusitis by focusing on the underlying condition. Treatments can include:

• Intranasal steroid sprays.
• Topical antihistamine sprays or oral pills.
• Leukotriene antagonists, like montelukast.
• Surgery to treat structural issues, polyps or fungal infections.

Are complementary and alternative therapies useful for treating sinusitis?

You might find acupressure, acupuncture or facial massage helpful in reducing symptoms of sinusitis, including draining, pressure and pain. Ask a provider if these therapies might help in your specific case.

Prevention

Can sinusitis be prevented?

Depending on the cause, there are a few ways to reduce your risk of getting sinus infections, including:

• Rinsing your nose with saline (salt water) as directed by your provider.
• Taking steps to prevent allergies. This includes medications, allergy shots and avoiding your known allergy triggers (like dust, pollen or smoke).
• Using steroid nasal sprays if your provider recommends them.
• Establishing good handwashingand other habits that reduce your risk of getting sick with infectious diseases.
• Avoiding smoke. There are ways to help you quit smoking, if you do.

 

When should you see a doctor for a sinus infection?

You can usually care for sinus conditions on your own. But if you continue to have symptoms that concern you or if you get infections repeatedly, talk to a healthcare provider. They can help you understand your next steps.

When should I go to the ER?

Go to the nearest emergency room or seek medical attention right away if you experience symptoms of a serious infection, including:

• High fever (over 103 degrees Fahrenheit/40 degrees Celsius).
• Confusion or other mental changes.
• Vision changes, especially if you have pain or swelling around your eyes.
• Seizures.
• Stiff neck.

Source: webmd.com